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bugs.htm
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>Bug Patterns - Find Security Bugs</title>
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<h1><i class="fa fa-crosshairs"></i> Bugs Patterns</h1>
<p>The complete list of descriptions given when FindBugs identify potential weaknesses.</p>
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<div class="col-md-11" id="mainCol">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<p>
<a class="btn btn-primary" data-toggle="collapse" href="#collapseExample" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseExample">
Display / Hide
</a>
</p>
<div class="collapse" id="collapseExample">
<div class="card card-block">
<ul>
<li><a href="#PREDICTABLE_RANDOM">
Predictable pseudorandom number generator (PREDICTABLE_RANDOM)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#PREDICTABLE_RANDOM_SCALA">
Predictable pseudorandom number generator (Scala) (PREDICTABLE_RANDOM_SCALA)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SERVLET_PARAMETER">
Untrusted servlet parameter (SERVLET_PARAMETER)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SERVLET_CONTENT_TYPE">
Untrusted Content-Type header (SERVLET_CONTENT_TYPE)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SERVLET_SERVER_NAME">
Untrusted Hostname header (SERVLET_SERVER_NAME)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SERVLET_SESSION_ID">
Untrusted session cookie value (SERVLET_SESSION_ID)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SERVLET_QUERY_STRING">
Untrusted query string (SERVLET_QUERY_STRING)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SERVLET_HEADER">
HTTP headers untrusted (SERVLET_HEADER)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SERVLET_HEADER_REFERER">
Untrusted Referer header (SERVLET_HEADER_REFERER)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SERVLET_HEADER_USER_AGENT">
Untrusted User-Agent header (SERVLET_HEADER_USER_AGENT)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#COOKIE_USAGE">
Potentially sensitive data in a cookie (COOKIE_USAGE)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#PATH_TRAVERSAL_IN">
Potential Path Traversal (file read) (PATH_TRAVERSAL_IN)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#PATH_TRAVERSAL_OUT">
Potential Path Traversal (file write) (PATH_TRAVERSAL_OUT)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SCALA_PATH_TRAVERSAL_IN">
Potential Path Traversal using Scala API (file read) (SCALA_PATH_TRAVERSAL_IN)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#COMMAND_INJECTION">
Potential Command Injection (COMMAND_INJECTION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SCALA_COMMAND_INJECTION">
Potential Command Injection (Scala) (SCALA_COMMAND_INJECTION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#WEAK_FILENAMEUTILS">
FilenameUtils not filtering null bytes (WEAK_FILENAMEUTILS)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#WEAK_TRUST_MANAGER">
TrustManager that accept any certificates (WEAK_TRUST_MANAGER)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#WEAK_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER">
HostnameVerifier that accept any signed certificates (WEAK_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#JAXWS_ENDPOINT">
Found JAX-WS SOAP endpoint (JAXWS_ENDPOINT)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#JAXRS_ENDPOINT">
Found JAX-RS REST endpoint (JAXRS_ENDPOINT)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#TAPESTRY_ENDPOINT">
Found Tapestry page (TAPESTRY_ENDPOINT)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#WICKET_ENDPOINT">
Found Wicket WebPage (WICKET_ENDPOINT)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#WEAK_MESSAGE_DIGEST_MD5">
MD2, MD4 and MD5 are weak hash functions (WEAK_MESSAGE_DIGEST_MD5)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#WEAK_MESSAGE_DIGEST_SHA1">
SHA-1 is a weak hash function (WEAK_MESSAGE_DIGEST_SHA1)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#DEFAULT_HTTP_CLIENT">
DefaultHttpClient with default constructor is not compatible with TLS 1.2 (DEFAULT_HTTP_CLIENT)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SSL_CONTEXT">
Weak SSLContext (SSL_CONTEXT)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#CUSTOM_MESSAGE_DIGEST">
Message digest is custom (CUSTOM_MESSAGE_DIGEST)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#FILE_UPLOAD_FILENAME">
Tainted filename read (FILE_UPLOAD_FILENAME)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#REDOS">
Regex DOS (ReDOS) (REDOS)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#XXE_XMLSTREAMREADER">
XML parsing vulnerable to XXE (XMLStreamReader) (XXE_XMLSTREAMREADER)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#XXE_XPATH">
XML parsing vulnerable to XXE (XPathExpression) (XXE_XPATH)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#XXE_SAXPARSER">
XML parsing vulnerable to XXE (SAXParser) (XXE_SAXPARSER)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#XXE_XMLREADER">
XML parsing vulnerable to XXE (XMLReader) (XXE_XMLREADER)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#XXE_DOCUMENT">
XML parsing vulnerable to XXE (DocumentBuilder) (XXE_DOCUMENT)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#XXE_DTD_TRANSFORM_FACTORY">
XML parsing vulnerable to XXE (TransformerFactory) (XXE_DTD_TRANSFORM_FACTORY)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#XXE_XSLT_TRANSFORM_FACTORY">
XSLT parsing vulnerable to XXE (TransformerFactory) (XXE_XSLT_TRANSFORM_FACTORY)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#XPATH_INJECTION">
Potential XPath Injection (XPATH_INJECTION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#STRUTS1_ENDPOINT">
Found Struts 1 endpoint (STRUTS1_ENDPOINT)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#STRUTS2_ENDPOINT">
Found Struts 2 endpoint (STRUTS2_ENDPOINT)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SPRING_ENDPOINT">
Found Spring endpoint (SPRING_ENDPOINT)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SPRING_CSRF_PROTECTION_DISABLED">
Spring CSRF protection disabled (SPRING_CSRF_PROTECTION_DISABLED)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SPRING_CSRF_UNRESTRICTED_REQUEST_MAPPING">
Spring CSRF unrestricted RequestMapping (SPRING_CSRF_UNRESTRICTED_REQUEST_MAPPING)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#CUSTOM_INJECTION">
Potential injection (custom) (CUSTOM_INJECTION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SQL_INJECTION">
Potential SQL Injection (SQL_INJECTION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SQL_INJECTION_TURBINE">
Potential SQL Injection with Turbine (SQL_INJECTION_TURBINE)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SQL_INJECTION_HIBERNATE">
Potential SQL/HQL Injection (Hibernate) (SQL_INJECTION_HIBERNATE)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SQL_INJECTION_JDO">
Potential SQL/JDOQL Injection (JDO) (SQL_INJECTION_JDO)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SQL_INJECTION_JPA">
Potential SQL/JPQL Injection (JPA) (SQL_INJECTION_JPA)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SQL_INJECTION_SPRING_JDBC">
Potential JDBC Injection (Spring JDBC) (SQL_INJECTION_SPRING_JDBC)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SQL_INJECTION_JDBC">
Potential JDBC Injection (SQL_INJECTION_JDBC)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SCALA_SQL_INJECTION_SLICK">
Potential Scala Slick Injection (SCALA_SQL_INJECTION_SLICK)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SCALA_SQL_INJECTION_ANORM">
Potential Scala Anorm Injection (SCALA_SQL_INJECTION_ANORM)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SQL_INJECTION_VERTX">
Potential SQL Injection with Vert.x Sql Client (SQL_INJECTION_VERTX)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SQL_INJECTION_ANDROID">
Potential Android SQL Injection (SQL_INJECTION_ANDROID)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#LDAP_INJECTION">
Potential LDAP Injection (LDAP_INJECTION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SCRIPT_ENGINE_INJECTION">
Potential code injection when using Script Engine (SCRIPT_ENGINE_INJECTION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SPEL_INJECTION">
Potential code injection when using Spring Expression (SPEL_INJECTION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#EL_INJECTION">
Potential code injection when using Expression Language (EL) (EL_INJECTION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SEAM_LOG_INJECTION">
Potential code injection in Seam logging call (SEAM_LOG_INJECTION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#OGNL_INJECTION">
Potential code injection when using OGNL expression (OGNL_INJECTION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#GROOVY_SHELL">
Potential code injection when using GroovyShell (GROOVY_SHELL)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#HTTP_RESPONSE_SPLITTING">
Potential HTTP Response Splitting (HTTP_RESPONSE_SPLITTING)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#CRLF_INJECTION_LOGS">
Potential CRLF Injection for logs (CRLF_INJECTION_LOGS)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#EXTERNAL_CONFIG_CONTROL">
Potential external control of configuration (EXTERNAL_CONFIG_CONTROL)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#BAD_HEXA_CONVERSION">
Bad hexadecimal concatenation (BAD_HEXA_CONVERSION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#HAZELCAST_SYMMETRIC_ENCRYPTION">
Hazelcast symmetric encryption (HAZELCAST_SYMMETRIC_ENCRYPTION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#NULL_CIPHER">
NullCipher is insecure (NULL_CIPHER)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#UNENCRYPTED_SOCKET">
Unencrypted Socket (UNENCRYPTED_SOCKET)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#UNENCRYPTED_SERVER_SOCKET">
Unencrypted Server Socket (UNENCRYPTED_SERVER_SOCKET)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#DES_USAGE">
DES is insecure (DES_USAGE)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#TDES_USAGE">
DESede is insecure (TDES_USAGE)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#RSA_NO_PADDING">
RSA with no padding is insecure (RSA_NO_PADDING)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#HARD_CODE_PASSWORD">
Hard coded password (HARD_CODE_PASSWORD)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#HARD_CODE_KEY">
Hard coded key (HARD_CODE_KEY)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#UNSAFE_HASH_EQUALS">
Unsafe hash equals (UNSAFE_HASH_EQUALS)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#STRUTS_FORM_VALIDATION">
Struts Form without input validation (STRUTS_FORM_VALIDATION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#XSS_REQUEST_WRAPPER">
XSSRequestWrapper is a weak XSS protection (XSS_REQUEST_WRAPPER)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#BLOWFISH_KEY_SIZE">
Blowfish usage with short key (BLOWFISH_KEY_SIZE)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#RSA_KEY_SIZE">
RSA usage with short key (RSA_KEY_SIZE)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#UNVALIDATED_REDIRECT">
Unvalidated Redirect (UNVALIDATED_REDIRECT)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#PLAY_UNVALIDATED_REDIRECT">
Unvalidated Redirect (Play Framework) (PLAY_UNVALIDATED_REDIRECT)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SPRING_UNVALIDATED_REDIRECT">
Spring Unvalidated Redirect (SPRING_UNVALIDATED_REDIRECT)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#ENTITY_LEAK">
Unexpected property leak (ENTITY_LEAK)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#ENTITY_MASS_ASSIGNMENT">
Mass assignment (ENTITY_MASS_ASSIGNMENT)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#JSP_INCLUDE">
Dynamic JSP inclusion (JSP_INCLUDE)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#JSP_SPRING_EVAL">
Dynamic variable in Spring expression (JSP_SPRING_EVAL)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#JSP_JSTL_OUT">
Escaping of special XML characters is disabled (JSP_JSTL_OUT)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#XSS_JSP_PRINT">
Potential XSS in JSP (XSS_JSP_PRINT)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#XSS_SERVLET">
Potential XSS in Servlet (XSS_SERVLET)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#XML_DECODER">
XMLDecoder usage (XML_DECODER)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#STATIC_IV">
Static IV (STATIC_IV)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#ECB_MODE">
ECB mode is insecure (ECB_MODE)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#PADDING_ORACLE">
Cipher is susceptible to Padding Oracle (PADDING_ORACLE)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#CIPHER_INTEGRITY">
Cipher with no integrity (CIPHER_INTEGRITY)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#ESAPI_ENCRYPTOR">
Use of ESAPI Encryptor (ESAPI_ENCRYPTOR)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#ANDROID_EXTERNAL_FILE_ACCESS">
External file access (Android) (ANDROID_EXTERNAL_FILE_ACCESS)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#ANDROID_BROADCAST">
Broadcast (Android) (ANDROID_BROADCAST)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#ANDROID_WORLD_WRITABLE">
World writable file (Android) (ANDROID_WORLD_WRITABLE)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#ANDROID_GEOLOCATION">
WebView with geolocation activated (Android) (ANDROID_GEOLOCATION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#ANDROID_WEB_VIEW_JAVASCRIPT">
WebView with JavaScript enabled (Android) (ANDROID_WEB_VIEW_JAVASCRIPT)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#ANDROID_WEB_VIEW_JAVASCRIPT_INTERFACE">
WebView with JavaScript interface (Android) (ANDROID_WEB_VIEW_JAVASCRIPT_INTERFACE)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#INSECURE_COOKIE">
Cookie without the secure flag (INSECURE_COOKIE)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#HTTPONLY_COOKIE">
Cookie without the HttpOnly flag (HTTPONLY_COOKIE)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#OBJECT_DESERIALIZATION">
Object deserialization is used (OBJECT_DESERIALIZATION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#JACKSON_UNSAFE_DESERIALIZATION">
Unsafe Jackson deserialization configuration (JACKSON_UNSAFE_DESERIALIZATION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#DESERIALIZATION_GADGET">
This class could be used as deserialization gadget (DESERIALIZATION_GADGET)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#TRUST_BOUNDARY_VIOLATION">
Trust Boundary Violation (TRUST_BOUNDARY_VIOLATION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#JSP_XSLT">
A malicious XSLT could be provided to the JSP tag (JSP_XSLT)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#MALICIOUS_XSLT">
A malicious XSLT could be provided (MALICIOUS_XSLT)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SCALA_SENSITIVE_DATA_EXPOSURE">
Potential information leakage in Scala Play (SCALA_SENSITIVE_DATA_EXPOSURE)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SCALA_PLAY_SSRF">
Scala Play Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) (SCALA_PLAY_SSRF)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#URLCONNECTION_SSRF_FD">
URLConnection Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) and File Disclosure (URLCONNECTION_SSRF_FD)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SCALA_XSS_TWIRL">
Potential XSS in Scala Twirl template engine (SCALA_XSS_TWIRL)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SCALA_XSS_MVC_API">
Potential XSS in Scala MVC API engine (SCALA_XSS_MVC_API)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#TEMPLATE_INJECTION_VELOCITY">
Potential template injection with Velocity (TEMPLATE_INJECTION_VELOCITY)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#TEMPLATE_INJECTION_FREEMARKER">
Potential template injection with Freemarker (TEMPLATE_INJECTION_FREEMARKER)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#TEMPLATE_INJECTION_PEBBLE">
Potential template injection with Pebble (TEMPLATE_INJECTION_PEBBLE)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#PERMISSIVE_CORS">
Overly permissive CORS policy (PERMISSIVE_CORS)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#LDAP_ANONYMOUS">
Anonymous LDAP bind (LDAP_ANONYMOUS)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#LDAP_ENTRY_POISONING">
LDAP Entry Poisoning (LDAP_ENTRY_POISONING)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#COOKIE_PERSISTENT">
Persistent Cookie Usage (COOKIE_PERSISTENT)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#URL_REWRITING">
URL rewriting method (URL_REWRITING)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#INSECURE_SMTP_SSL">
Insecure SMTP SSL connection (INSECURE_SMTP_SSL)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#AWS_QUERY_INJECTION">
AWS Query Injection (AWS_QUERY_INJECTION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#BEAN_PROPERTY_INJECTION">
JavaBeans Property Injection (BEAN_PROPERTY_INJECTION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#STRUTS_FILE_DISCLOSURE">
Struts File Disclosure (STRUTS_FILE_DISCLOSURE)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SPRING_FILE_DISCLOSURE">
Spring File Disclosure (SPRING_FILE_DISCLOSURE)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#REQUESTDISPATCHER_FILE_DISCLOSURE">
RequestDispatcher File Disclosure (REQUESTDISPATCHER_FILE_DISCLOSURE)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#FORMAT_STRING_MANIPULATION">
Format String Manipulation (FORMAT_STRING_MANIPULATION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#HTTP_PARAMETER_POLLUTION">
HTTP Parameter Pollution (HTTP_PARAMETER_POLLUTION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#INFORMATION_EXPOSURE_THROUGH_AN_ERROR_MESSAGE">
Information Exposure Through An Error Message (INFORMATION_EXPOSURE_THROUGH_AN_ERROR_MESSAGE)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SMTP_HEADER_INJECTION">
SMTP Header Injection (SMTP_HEADER_INJECTION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#RPC_ENABLED_EXTENSIONS">
Enabling extensions in Apache XML RPC server or client. (RPC_ENABLED_EXTENSIONS)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#WICKET_XSS1">
Disabling HTML escaping put the application at risk for XSS (WICKET_XSS1)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#SAML_IGNORE_COMMENTS">
Ignoring XML comments in SAML may lead to authentication bypass (SAML_IGNORE_COMMENTS)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#OVERLY_PERMISSIVE_FILE_PERMISSION">
Overly permissive file permission (OVERLY_PERMISSIVE_FILE_PERMISSION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#IMPROPER_UNICODE">
Improper handling of Unicode transformations (IMPROPER_UNICODE)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#MODIFICATION_AFTER_VALIDATION">
String is modified after validation and not before it (MODIFICATION_AFTER_VALIDATION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#NORMALIZATION_AFTER_VALIDATION">
String is normalzied after validation and not before it (NORMALIZATION_AFTER_VALIDATION)
</a></li>
<li><a href="#DANGEROUS_PERMISSION_COMBINATION">
Dangerous combination of permissions granted (DANGEROUS_PERMISSION_COMBINATION)
</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<section>
<a class="anchor" name="PREDICTABLE_RANDOM"></a>
<h2 class="page-header">
Predictable pseudorandom number generator
<a href="#PREDICTABLE_RANDOM" title="Permanent link"><small><i class="fa fa-link"></i></small></a>
</h2>
<p class="text-muted"><em><small>Bug Pattern: <tt>PREDICTABLE_RANDOM</tt></small></em></p>
<p>The use of a predictable random value can lead to vulnerabilities when used in certain security critical contexts. For example, when the value is used as:</p>
<ul>
<li>a CSRF token: a predictable token can lead to a CSRF attack as an attacker will know the value of the token</li>
<li>a password reset token (sent by email): a predictable password token can lead to an account takeover, since an attacker will guess the URL of the "change password" form</li>
<li>any other secret value</li>
</ul>
<p>
A quick fix could be to replace the use of <code>java.util.Random</code> with something stronger, such as <code>java.security.SecureRandom</code>.
</p>
<p>
<b>Vulnerable Code:</b><br/>
<pre class='keep-initial-line-feed'><code class='code.language-java keep-initial-line-feed'>String generateSecretToken() {
Random r = new Random();
return Long.toHexString(r.nextLong());
}</code></pre>
</p>
<p>
<b>Solution:</b>
<pre class='keep-initial-line-feed'><code class='code.language-java keep-initial-line-feed'>import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Hex;
String generateSecretToken() {
SecureRandom secRandom = new SecureRandom();
byte[] result = new byte[32];
secRandom.nextBytes(result);
return Hex.encodeHexString(result);
}</code></pre>
</p>
<br/>
<p>
<b>References</b><br/>
<a target="_blank" href="https://jazzy.id.au/2010/09/20/cracking_random_number_generators_part_1.html">Cracking Random Number Generators - Part 1 (https://jazzy.id.au)</a><br/>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/java/MSC02-J.+Generate+strong+random+numbers">CERT: MSC02-J. Generate strong random numbers</a><br/>
<a target="_blank" href="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/330.html">CWE-330: Use of Insufficiently Random Values</a><br/>
<a target="_blank" href="https://blog.h3xstream.com/2014/12/predicting-struts-csrf-token-cve-2014.html">Predicting Struts CSRF Token (Example of real-life vulnerability and exploitation)</a>
</p>
<hr/>
<br/>
</section>
<section>
<a class="anchor" name="PREDICTABLE_RANDOM_SCALA"></a>
<h2 class="page-header">
Predictable pseudorandom number generator (Scala)
<a href="#PREDICTABLE_RANDOM_SCALA" title="Permanent link"><small><i class="fa fa-link"></i></small></a>
</h2>
<p class="text-muted"><em><small>Bug Pattern: <tt>PREDICTABLE_RANDOM_SCALA</tt></small></em></p>
<p>The use of a predictable random value can lead to vulnerabilities when used in certain security critical contexts. For example, when the value is used as:</p>
<ul>
<li>a CSRF token: a predictable token can lead to a CSRF attack as an attacker will know the value of the token</li>
<li>a password reset token (sent by email): a predictable password token can lead to an account takeover, since an attacker will guess the URL of the "change password" form</li>
<li>any other secret value</li>
</ul>
<p>
A quick fix could be to replace the use of <code>java.util.Random</code> with something stronger, such as <b>java.security.SecureRandom</b>.
</p>
<p>
<b>Vulnerable Code:</b><br/>
<pre class='keep-initial-line-feed'><code class='code.language-java keep-initial-line-feed'>import scala.util.Random
def generateSecretToken() {
val result = Seq.fill(16)(Random.nextInt)
return result.map("%02x" format _).mkString
}</code></pre>
</p>
<p>
<b>Solution:</b>
<pre class='keep-initial-line-feed'><code class='code.language-java keep-initial-line-feed'>import java.security.SecureRandom
def generateSecretToken() {
val rand = new SecureRandom()
val value = Array.ofDim[Byte](16)
rand.nextBytes(value)
return value.map("%02x" format _).mkString
}</code></pre>
</p>
<!--<p>
<b>Solution:</b>
<pre class='keep-initial-line-feed'><code class='code.language-java keep-initial-line-feed'>import java.security.SecureRandom
import scala.util.Random._
def generateSecretToken() {
val secRandom = javaRandomToRandom(new SecureRandom())
val result = Seq.fill(16)(secRandom.nextInt)
return result.map("%02x" format _).mkString
}</code></pre>
</p>-->
<br/>
<p>
<b>References</b><br/>
<a target="_blank" href="https://jazzy.id.au/2010/09/20/cracking_random_number_generators_part_1.html">Cracking Random Number Generators - Part 1 (http://jazzy.id.au)</a><br/>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/java/MSC02-J.+Generate+strong+random+numbers">CERT: MSC02-J. Generate strong random numbers</a><br/>
<a target="_blank" href="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/330.html">CWE-330: Use of Insufficiently Random Values</a><br/>
<a target="_blank" href="https://blog.h3xstream.com/2014/12/predicting-struts-csrf-token-cve-2014.html">Predicting Struts CSRF Token (Example of real-life vulnerability and exploitation)</a>
</p>
<hr/>
<br/>
</section>
<section>
<a class="anchor" name="SERVLET_PARAMETER"></a>
<h2 class="page-header">
Untrusted servlet parameter
<a href="#SERVLET_PARAMETER" title="Permanent link"><small><i class="fa fa-link"></i></small></a>
</h2>
<p class="text-muted"><em><small>Bug Pattern: <tt>SERVLET_PARAMETER</tt></small></em></p>
<p>The Servlet can read GET and POST parameters from various methods. The value obtained should be considered unsafe.
You may need to validate or sanitize those values before passing them to sensitive APIs such as:</p>
<ul>
<li>SQL query (May leads to SQL injection)</li>
<li>File opening (May leads to path traversal)</li>
<li>Command execution (Potential Command injection)</li>
<li>HTML construction (Potential XSS)</li>
<li>etc...</li>
</ul>
<br/>
<p>
<b>Reference</b><br/>
<a target="_blank" href="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/20.html">CWE-20: Improper Input Validation</a>
</p>
<hr/>
<br/>
</section>
<section>
<a class="anchor" name="SERVLET_CONTENT_TYPE"></a>
<h2 class="page-header">
Untrusted Content-Type header
<a href="#SERVLET_CONTENT_TYPE" title="Permanent link"><small><i class="fa fa-link"></i></small></a>
</h2>
<p class="text-muted"><em><small>Bug Pattern: <tt>SERVLET_CONTENT_TYPE</tt></small></em></p>
<p>
The HTTP header Content-Type can be controlled by the client. As such, its value should not be used in any security critical decisions.
</p>
<br/>
<p>
<b>Reference</b><br/>
<a target="_blank" href="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/807.html">CWE-807: Untrusted Inputs in a Security Decision</a>
</p>
<hr/>
<br/>
</section>
<section>
<a class="anchor" name="SERVLET_SERVER_NAME"></a>
<h2 class="page-header">
Untrusted Hostname header
<a href="#SERVLET_SERVER_NAME" title="Permanent link"><small><i class="fa fa-link"></i></small></a>
</h2>
<p class="text-muted"><em><small>Bug Pattern: <tt>SERVLET_SERVER_NAME</tt></small></em></p>
<p>The hostname header can be controlled by the client. As such, its value should not be used in any security critical decisions.
Both <code>ServletRequest.getServerName()</code> and <code>HttpServletRequest.getHeader("Host")</code> have the same
behavior which is to extract the <code>Host</code> header.</p>
<pre class='keep-initial-line-feed'><code class='code.language-java keep-initial-line-feed'>GET /testpage HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.com
[...]</code></pre>
<p>
The web container serving your application may redirect requests to your application by default. This would allow
a malicious user to place any value in the Host header. It is recommended that you do not trust this value in any security
decisions you make with respect to a request.
</p>
<br/>
<p>
<b>Reference</b><br/>
<a target="_blank" href="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/807.html">CWE-807: Untrusted Inputs in a Security Decision</a>
</p>
<hr/>
<br/>
</section>
<section>
<a class="anchor" name="SERVLET_SESSION_ID"></a>
<h2 class="page-header">
Untrusted session cookie value
<a href="#SERVLET_SESSION_ID" title="Permanent link"><small><i class="fa fa-link"></i></small></a>
</h2>
<p class="text-muted"><em><small>Bug Pattern: <tt>SERVLET_SESSION_ID</tt></small></em></p>
<p>
The method <a target="_blank" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/servlet/http/HttpServletRequest.html#getRequestedSessionId()"><code>HttpServletRequest.getRequestedSessionId()</code></a>
typically returns the value of the cookie <code>JSESSIONID</code>. This value is normally only accessed by the session management logic and not normal developer code.
</p>
<p>
The value passed to the client is generally an alphanumeric value (e.g., <code>JSESSIONID=jp6q31lq2myn</code>). However, the value can be altered by the client.
The following HTTP request illustrates the potential modification.
<pre class='keep-initial-line-feed'><code class='code.language-java keep-initial-line-feed'>GET /somePage HTTP/1.1
Host: yourwebsite.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0
Cookie: JSESSIONID=Any value of the user's choice!!??'''">
</code></pre>
</p>
<p>As such, the JSESSIONID should only be used to see if its value matches an existing session ID. If it does not, the user should be
considered an unauthenticated user. In addition, the session ID value should never be logged. If it is, then the log file could contain
valid active session IDs, allowing an insider to hijack any sessions whose IDs have been logged and are still active.
</p>
<br/>
<p>
<b>References</b><br/>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Session_Management_Cheat_Sheet">OWASP: Session Management Cheat Sheet</a><br/>
<a target="_blank" href="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/20.html">CWE-20: Improper Input Validation</a>
</p>
<hr/>
<br/>
</section>
<section>
<a class="anchor" name="SERVLET_QUERY_STRING"></a>
<h2 class="page-header">
Untrusted query string
<a href="#SERVLET_QUERY_STRING" title="Permanent link"><small><i class="fa fa-link"></i></small></a>
</h2>
<p class="text-muted"><em><small>Bug Pattern: <tt>SERVLET_QUERY_STRING</tt></small></em></p>
<p>The query string is the concatenation of the GET parameter names and values. Parameters other than those intended can
be passed in.</p>
<p>For the URL request <code>/app/servlet.htm?a=1&b=2</code>, the query string extract will be <code>a=1&b=2</code></p>
<p>Just as is true for individual parameter values retrieved via methods like <code>HttpServletRequest.getParameter()</code>,
the value obtained from <code>HttpServletRequest.getQueryString()</code> should be considered unsafe.
You may need to validate or sanitize anything pulled from the query string before passing it to sensitive APIs.
</p>
<br/>
<p>
<b>Reference</b><br/>
<a target="_blank" href="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/20.html">CWE-20: Improper Input Validation</a>
</p>
<hr/>
<br/>
</section>
<section>
<a class="anchor" name="SERVLET_HEADER"></a>
<h2 class="page-header">
HTTP headers untrusted
<a href="#SERVLET_HEADER" title="Permanent link"><small><i class="fa fa-link"></i></small></a>
</h2>
<p class="text-muted"><em><small>Bug Pattern: <tt>SERVLET_HEADER</tt></small></em></p>
<p>Request headers can easily be altered by the requesting user. In general, no assumption should be made that
the request came from a regular browser without modification by an attacker. As such, it is recommended that you
not trust this value in any security decisions you make with respect to a request.</p>
<br/>
<p>
<b>Reference</b><br/>
<a target="_blank" href="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/807.html">CWE-807: Untrusted Inputs in a Security Decision</a>
</p>
<hr/>
<br/>
</section>
<section>
<a class="anchor" name="SERVLET_HEADER_REFERER"></a>
<h2 class="page-header">
Untrusted Referer header
<a href="#SERVLET_HEADER_REFERER" title="Permanent link"><small><i class="fa fa-link"></i></small></a>
</h2>
<p class="text-muted"><em><small>Bug Pattern: <tt>SERVLET_HEADER_REFERER</tt></small></em></p>
<p>
Behavior:
<ul>
<li>Any value can be assigned to this header if the request is coming from a malicious user.</li>
<li>The "Referer" will not be present if the request was initiated from another origin that is secure (HTTPS).</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p>
Recommendations:
<ul>
<li>No access control should be based on the value of this header.</li>
<li>No CSRF protection should be based only on this value (<a target="_blank" href="https://www.w3.org/Protocols/HTTP/HTRQ_Headers.html#z14">because it is optional</a>).</li>
</ul>
</p>
<br/>
<p>
<b>Reference</b><br/>
<a target="_blank" href="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/807.html">CWE-807: Untrusted Inputs in a Security Decision</a>
</p>